Copyright protects original expression fixed in a tangible form — where intellectual effort and a degree of creativity meet the subject-matter criteria refined by courts. It is intellectual property, distinct from industrial property, yet both form the broader IP landscape.
Copyright is a negative right restricting exploitation without consent or acknowledgment. Economic rights are transferable by written assignment; moral rights are non-transferable though economic rights may be relinquished by the author.
Copyright subsists in literary, dramatic, artistic, musical, sound recording, and cinematograph works. Computer programs are treated as literary works. Neighboring rights protect performers in public performances of literary, musical, and dramatic works, including broadcasting reproduction rights.
For literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works, copyright lasts for the life of the author plus sixty years from the calendar year following death. For sound recordings, cinematograph works, and certain government or international organization works, protection runs sixty years from the year of first publication.
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