Geographical indications (GI) are collective marks used on products with qualities, reputation, or characteristics essentially attributable to a geographic origin — whether from natural environment or traditional human skill.
Among trademark types — brand names, certification marks, and collective marks — GIs are collective marks for unique products from specific regions. India's GI Act (1999, effective 2003) expanded TRIPS definitions to include skill-based traditional knowledge confined to geographic areas, reflecting India's biological diversity and three thousand plus unique crafts.
A GI signifies uniqueness, heritage, standard, and geographic source. Ownership vests in a non-profit guild or society of stakeholders; registered users within the same geographic area receive licensing rights to apply the GI on qualifying products.
Collective use of a GI amplifies market reach and premium pricing for endorsed products.
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